Program Particulars
*Times denoted refer to web version of audio

(01:53–03:57) Music: "The Multiples of One" from Awakening, performed by Joseph Curiale

(02:02) Actualities from Business Scandals
The audio clips were excerpted from several National Public Radio programs. The first clip was excerpted from a January 7, 2005 report, "Former WorldCom Board Members Agree to Settle Investor Suit", on NPR's All Things Considered, reporting that ten former board members of WorldCom agreed to pay $18 million to settle a lawsuit.

The next clip was broadcast on the January 7, 2005 edition of NPR's Morning Edition. In "Marsh and McLennan Broker Pleads Guilty to Fraud," a senior vice president at the insurance broker is the first one to plead guilty to fraud over the bid-rigging scandal.

The third piece of audio was taken from a January 18, 2005 report on NPR's Morning Edition, "Tyco Executives Accused of Fraud Start Retrial," which discusses the trial of two former Tyco executives, Dennis Kozlowski and Mark Swartz, who are accused of embezzling $600 million from the company.

The fourth audio clip comes from a December 23, 2004 segment from Morning Edition, "Fannie Mae Whistleblower Talks." In the interview, former Fannie Mae accountant and whistleblower Roger Barnes explains why he gave evidence to Congress about the firm's illegal accounting practices.

The final actuality was originally broadcast on September 13, 2002 during NPR's Morning Edition. In "Former Tyco Execs Charged", details are reported on Tyco's former CEO, Dennis Kozlowski, and former chief financial officer, Mark Swartz, who plead not guilty to charges of stealing more than $170 million from the company.

(03:55–06:37) Music: "Vaisnava Bhajan" from Hollow Bamboo, performed by Jon Hassell, Ry Cooder, and Ronu Majumbar

(04:28) Religion and Corruption in India
Transparency International surveys business people, academics and risk analysts about the degree of corruption they perceive in the world. They produce an annual report, the Corruption Perceptions Index, which provides analysis and ranks countries from cleanest to most corrupt. In the latest report released on October 7, 2003, Finland was considered the cleanest country out of 133 included while Bangladesh was considered the most corrupt. India tied for 83rd with Romania and Malawi while the United States tied for 18th with Ireland.

In the October 20, 2003 edition of The Hindu's Business Line, C. Gopinath wrote "Business corruption and individual values," an article advocating that workers take the individual responsibility necessary to rid society of corruption rather than relying on the government to solve these problems.

(06:24) Caste System of India
Hindus organize life through well-defined social classes, or castes. These castes constitute a fixed ranking system for social and economic organization. Hindus are born somewhere in structure of the fixed castes and occupations, which is determined by their personal histories of beneficent and unkind deeds done in former lives.

The actual caste system is fairly complex, being composed of a vast array of sub-castes. Hindus are obliged to accept their caste position and all the obligations, privileges, and limitations that are associated with it. In his presentation "The Gods of Business: Five Global Views," Guptara defines the caste system to generally be composed of five castes:

• Brahmin - priests
• Kshatriya - warriors and administrators
• Vaishya - artisans and businesspeople
• Shudra - menial workers
• (outcaste)

(07:22–07:38) Music: "Where in the World?" from Where in the World?, performed by the Bill Frisell Band

(09:22) Guptara's Presentation
Guptara's presentation that Krista cites is "The Gods of Business: Five Global Views." View an HTML version of the presentation or a PDF version of it.

(13:26–14:36) Music: "Kedem" from Masada Guitars, performed by Marc Ribot

(14:16) Reading from Ethics Across Cultures
The reading was excerpted from an abstract of Ethics Across Cultures, an address that was delivered by Prabhu Guptara at the Royal Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, Commerce, and Manufactures in London, England on March 5, 1998:

I have no issue with people earning lots of money. I do have a problem when, for example, in the richest country in the world, the USA, we have a population in which 70 percent has no net wealth, and one percent of the population holds 40 percent of the assets. Over the past 20 years, real wages have declined for 80 percent of the population. And this is not an issue only in the USA, it is a worldwide trend today. I think most of us have no problem with a system which allows reasonable accumulation of wealth gained in return for the exertion of intelligence, industry, risk-taking, and sheer effort. But I think most people in the world do have a problem with a system which allows unlimited accumulation of wealth at the same time as allowing millions of people to have nothing when they are exerting as much energy and intelligence as other people. Thirty-five hundred children died today because they had no food or water. Three thousand five hundred will die tomorrow for the same reasons. And the day after. And every day… till you and I decide to do something about it. What was merely a tragedy yesterday is today a tragedy as well as an obscenity, for we live in a time of over-supply of all basic goods for the first time in history, which makes it entirely unnecessary for anyone to starve, or have no clothes or to have no roof of some basic sort over their heads.

(15:37–15:52) Music: "Kedem" from Masada Guitars, performed by Marc Ribot

(17:31) Rations During WWII
Learn more about the rationing policies and mechanisms used to distribute fixed allotments in Britain during the Second World War as part of the BBC's public interaction site.

(22:20) Statistics on Poverty in the U.S.
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the poverty rate in the United States equaled about 12.5 percent of the population in 2003, or about 35.9 million people. View a graph charting the poverty rates from 1959 through 2003 and learn more about how the Census Bureau arrives at these numbers on poverty.

(22:39) Events in Sudan
Since February 2003, Darfur, a western province in Sudan, has been the stage of a violent conflict between the province's nomadic Arab tribes, supported by the Sudanese government in Khartoum, and the native African settled peasant tribes. Almost all identify themselves as Sunni Muslims. It's estimated that there have been 30,000 casualties and over a million people displaced within the province.

The Crimes of War Project has published an online magazine about the Sudanese Civil War, including an overview, photo essays, and a discussion with experts about the conflict.

(23:35–24:48) Music: "Sarabande" from Suite No. 2 in D Minor" from The Cello Suites: Inspired by Bach, performed by Yo-Yo Ma

(24:35) Reading from a Report by Peter Eigen
In 2002, the European Business Campaign on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) published a report in which it asked 14 stakeholders from around Europe to address three key questions about corporate responsibility and building sustainable companies: What will characterize a sustainable company? What are the obstacles in the way? How can they be removed to allow key CSR drivers, such as public companies and non-governmental organizations, to work?

The reading was excerpted from Transparency International founder and chairman, Peter Eigen's, response to these questions:

A sustainable business is a business with a lasting good name — and reputation brings added value, value recognized by a wide spectrum of stakeholders. That reputation rests on the fullest possible accountability to shareholders, customers, and employees. It doesn't mean that a chief executive should ask for permission before every step, but it does mean active consultation with other stakeholders and explanation of decisions. It requires a board that is truly independent of the management, and it requires the highest standards of probity in the board's audit committee and in the selection of an external auditor. But, above all, it requires the integrity of the chief executive and senior management, so that they report irregularities frankly and promptly, so that they consult other stakeholders — such as the local population as well as town-planners when they want to build a new factory, and so that they have the courage to admit mistakes, and to rectify them without hesitation. It requires leadership with integrity.

Sustainability for society and the world around us should be a priority for businesses not only because it provides a more stable business environment, but also because it is in the long-term interest of the company and shareholders. For this reason, the business community should be equipped to deal with its social responsibilities. Such a commitment requires the active support of governments and business leaders across the globe — and a fair playing field for international business is a prerequisite for sustainable business based on the rule of law, honest and transparent financial practices, and fair competition.

(25:44–26:08) Music: "Sarabande" from Suite No. 2 in D Minor" from The Cello Suites: Inspired by Bach, performed by Yo-Yo Ma

(26:15–28:07) Music: "African Queen" from Hollow Bamboo, performed by Jon Hassell, Ry Cooder, and Ronu Majumbar

(29:05) Percentage of People Who Attend Church
A March 23, 2004 Gallup poll, "A Look at Americans and Religion Today," shows that more than eight in ten Americans consider religion as important in their personal lives. While 65 percent of Americans said that they belonged to a specific church or synagogue, only 41 percent claimed to attend worship services on a weekly basis.

(33:35) Reference to Wolfsberg Group
The Wolfsberg Group is an association of twelve global banks, which gathered in 2000 at a chateau in Switzerland, Château Wolfsberg, with the aim of developing financial services industry standards and related products, including anti-money laundering guidelines and counter-terrorist financing policies for private banking.

To learn more about the Wolfsberg Group and its work, read "The Private Sector Becomes Active: The Wolfsberg Process" by Mark Pieth and Gemma Aiolfi.

(34:35) Woman Who Exposed Enron Scandal
Guptara is referring to Sherron Watkins of Enron, who was one of three whistleblowers named as Time's 2002 Persons of the Year, along with Coleen Rowley of the FBI and Cynthia Cooper of WorldCom.

Listen to the Speaking of Faith show,"Work and Conscience," featuring Coleen Rowley, who speaks about her personal experiences and how her conscience has developed. In this show, Krista explores the practical implications of spirituality at work and how this might affect others in other occupations.

(35:13–35:57) Music: "Little Fugue in G Minor" from The Sunday Sessions: Wish List, composed by Johann Sebastian Bach and arranged by Andrew York

(41:37–42:29) Music: "Thomas Albert: Thirteen Ways - IV. (Sensous, Relaxed)" from The Sunday Sessions: Full Measure, performed by Eighth Blackbird

(43:25) Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) was enacted in 1977 and significantly revised in 1988. The provisions of the FCPA proscribe the bribery of foreign government officials by any United States citizen with the intent of obtaining or maintaining a business. These provisions are enforced by the U.S. Department of Justice.

The FCPA also mandates accounting and record-keeping practices for publicly traded companies. Because many of these provisions are a reiteration of standard accounting practices, the Securities and Exchange Commission maintains jurisdiction and is responsible for enforcing the law.

Not until late 1996 did the United Nations adopt a "Declaration against Corruption and Bribery in International Commercial Transactions." In this declaration, members of the United Nation pledged to:

1. deny the tax deductibility of bribes paid to government officials of another country;
2. criminalize the bribery of foreign government officials in an effective and coordinated manner; and
3. establish jurisdiction over bribery of foreign government officials in a manner consistent with the principles of international law.

(48:27–48:55) Music: "Krsna Kantha Kandam" from Hollow Bamboo, performed by Jon Hassell, Ry Cooder, and Ronu Majumbar

(49:34–50:07) Music: "Piano Trio #3: 'A Christmas Divertimento'" from Rick Sowash: The Four Piano Trios, performed by Mirecourt Trio

(49:54) Reading from the United Nations Global Compact
In 1999, the United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan challenged world business leaders to "embrace and enact" the Global Compact in their corporate practices and by supporting appropriate public policies. The ten principles cover areas of human rights, labor, the environment and anti-corruption:

Human Rights
Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights; and
Principle 2: make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses.

Labor Standards
Principle 3: Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining;
Principle 4: the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labor;
Principle 5: the effective abolition of child labor; and
Principle 6: the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.

Environment
Principle 7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges;
Principle 8: undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility; and
Principle 9: encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.

Anti-Corruption
Principle 10: Businesses should work against all forms of corruption, including extortion and bribery.

(50:44–52:54) Music: "Where in the World?" from Where in the World?, performed by the Bill Frisell Band